Interview with Bobby Anderson: Reflections from CDD
May 4, 2019

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This is an interview with Bobby Anderson, who is a Research Fellow at Chiang Mai Universityâs School of Public Policy, and works for the company Cardno. PK Forum asked about his reflections after working on CDD projects in different countries.Â
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PKF - After working in a range of other countries on CDD, what has struck you about what is similar or different in the context of Myanmar? How do you feel this impacts on the approach to the NCDDP?
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Large-scale, multi-year CDD projects change from country to country. While the on-the-ground, CDD project selection methodology doesn't really differ between, say, Indonesia and Myanmar, the means of implementation to, and thatâs usually based on the capacity of the line ministry running the project. Myanmarâs NCDDP is run by the Department of Rural Development under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, and they are present in all Union-controlled townships, but they were also a fairly new department, so they did require some capacity building in the first years of implementation. The government tendered for contractors to assist in the initial start-up, through the provision of township technical assistance teams that were posted to townships to hire and manage the community and technical facilitators in the first two years of implementation. The handover to direct DRD management occurred in the third year. This model was adapted in reflection of the increased ability of government counterparts to run the show, so to speak. In Afghanistan, on the other hand, when I was working on the National Solidarity Program, contractors and NGOs directly implemented the project on an unlimited timeframe, with the Ministry providing oversight. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Home Affairs ran things with no contractors, and the World Bank provided Technical Assistance directly.
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PKF - You have spoken previously about the need to have modest infrastructure centred goals for CDD, ie don't try to label it as 'conflict prevention', 'women's empowerment', or improving 'social cohesion'. What does this then mean for CDD style programs in conflict areas in Myanmar? Do have you have any concerns, for example if CDD programs were to expand to a state like Rakhine?Â
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So long as the community-driven development methodology is abided, namely principles of inclusion and consensus, and no âshortcutsâ are taken in a rush to complete the bricks and mortar of a project at the expense of how the project was selected, then a CDD project canât help but be conflict â sensitive. In the conflict â affected areas of Myanmar, namely those under the control of ethnic armed groups, so long as those groups allow the project to occur, then NCDDP and other projects can serve as trust-building measures between communities. The same can occur in Rakhine. But the caveat I offer is âso long as the methodology is abidedâ. If itâs not, then the project is just another asset that can be captured, or weaponized in a pre-existing fight.
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PKF - The scale of the NCDDP - in the context of a previous 'aid orphan' like Myanmar - is enormous. The institutional reputation of the government, the World Bank, private providers like Cardno, and others, relies on the perceived success of NCDDP. I assume that this is not dissimilar from other countries where CDD has been prominent. Does this scale present challenges to honest and effective monitoring and learning?
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NCDDP is huge, and thankfully, the implementation design reflects that. The project had a slow rollout, with more and more townships starting up every year, and the operations manual was changed to reflect lessons learned with every new year of implementation and start-up. Each aspect of NCDDP is managed at the township level, with DRD and contractor oversight. The whole model, this horizontal implementation and M&E, really serves to spread risk and prevent blow-ups, or at the least to limit their scale. Itâs a good system: itâs nationwide, but really community-owned.
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PKF -In your experience around the world, what has been the most surprising success and failure of CDD?
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The most surprising thing to me about CDD is the simplicity of the concept. In development and aid we tend to see an overcomplexification. CDD was the opposite and the first time I worked on it, in 2005, I had a kind of âvoila!â moment that changed the way I saw development in general. Itâs predicated on the fact that people know what they need. CDD has been around for over two decades now, but at the time of its inception, that concept was revolutionary.
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As for failure, I always see a certain amount of that creeping in over time. The first years of CDD programs are a honeymoon period with energetic new hires and volunteers that believe in the program. But across years, that changes. Once then initial and important needs a community might agree upon are met, meeting attendance declines, and really, who can blame people for that? Not showing up for a meeting is a vote in itself, and people have to make a living. Free time is precious. Volunteer committees tend to have a permanent membership after years, and youâve got to have some level of relative wealth to have that kind of time in rural areas, so elite influence always grows. Community facilitator positions are supposed to be filled by young people, but young people have ambitions, and they get bored and move on in a few years. The people with less ambition stay and they get bored with their work, and in the end, it's just another job with lots of paperwork, and then people, both facilitators and volunteers, start figuring out shortcuts and gaming the system. Corruption cases increase too. This kind of lethargy, and the seeking of personal profit from public goods, arises in most human endeavors. Thatâs why the robustness of the monitoring and audit and oversight, programmatic and operational, takes on greater importance with every passing year.Â
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áááŻáŻáąááŹáášá¸ááŤá¸áááš ááşáášá¸áááŻáŻáášááá áááŻáŻááš áťááášáá°ááąáá¸ááŹáá°ááŤááąááşáŹáášá¸ ááźááš Research Fellow áĄáťáá áš áąááŹáášááźáášáąááżááŽá¸ Cardno áĄááźá˛ááĄá áášá¸ááźáášááášá¸ ááŹááášááášá¸áąááŹáášáąááááˇáš Bobby Anderson áá˝ááˇáš áĄáášááŹááşá´á¸áťáá ášááŤááášá PK áááŻáŻááášáá˝CDDá áŽááśáááášá¸ááşáŹá¸áááŻáŻááŻáŻáášáąááŹáášáá˛áˇáąááŹááášá¸ááááŻáŻáášááśáááŹáĄáąááźááĄážááśáłáá˝ááśáŻáŻá¸ááášááşáášááşáŹá¸áááŻáŻáąáá¸áťááášá¸ááŹá¸ááŤááášá
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áąáḠ- áá°ááŻáŻááááŻáŻáťááłá áŽááśáááášá¸ (CDD) áááŻáŻ ááá°ááŽáá˛áˇáááŻáŻáášá¸áťááášáĄááşááłá¸ááşááłá¸áá˝áŹ ááŻáŻáášáá˛áˇááášáááŻáŻááááááášá áťááášááŹáťáááš áĄáąáťááĄáąááá˛ááááŻáŻáááš ááŹáąááźáá°ááŽááŹáá˝ááá˛á ááá°ááŽááŹáá˝ááá˛? ááŽáĄááźááš áá°ááŻáŻááááŻáŻáťááłá áŽááśáááášá¸ ááášáąááźááąááŹáášááźáášááá˛áˇ ááášá¸ááášá¸áĄáąáá ááášáááŻáŻáĄááşááłá¸ááášáąááŹáášáááá˝áááášáááŻáŻáááášááá˛?
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áąáťá - áĄáááŽá¸á áŹá¸ áá˝á ášáá˝áášáąááŹáášááźáášááᡠáá°ááŻáŻááááŻáŻáťááłááźáśááťáááłá¸áąáá¸á áŽááśáááášá¸áąááźá áááŻáŻášáášááśááááŻáŻáášááś áá˛ááá ášáááŻáŻáášááś ááá°áááŻáŻáášáá°á¸á áąáťááťááášáá˝áŹ áąááŹáášááźáášáááˇáš CDD á áŽááśáááášá¸áąááźá¸ááşáášáá˛áˇááášá¸ááášá¸á áĽááᏠáťááášááŹáááŻáŻášáášááś áá˛ááĄáášáááŻáŻááŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ áá˝á ášááŻáŻááášááś áĄááźááš áĄááşáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸áťáááˇáš áá°ááŻáŻááášááášá áĄá˛ááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ ááášáąááźá áĄáąááŹáášáĄááášáąááŹášáááŻáŻáááášá¸ááášá¸áąááźááąááŹáˇ CDD á áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ áĄááá áąááŹáášááźáášáąááá˛áˇ ááášáááŽá¸ááŹááá˛áá áźáášá¸áąááŹáášáááŻáŻáášáááá˛ááĄááşáŹá¸áááŽá¸ ááášáááŻáŻáášááźáŹá¸ááášá áťááášááŹáááŻáŻáášááśáá˛á áĄááşááłá¸ááŹá¸áá°ááŻáŻááááŻáŻáťááłááźáśááťáááłá¸áąáá¸á áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ ááŹááášáá°áąááŹáášááźáášááŹá áąááşá¸áááš áąááááźáśááťáááłá¸áąáá¸áŚá¸á áŽá¸ááŹá (DRD) áťáá ášáżááŽá¸ á ááŻáŻáášááşááłá¸áąáá¸á áąááźá¸áťáá´áąáá¸áá˝ááˇáš ááášáąáťááŹáášá¸ááášáááŽá¸ááŹááąáĄáŹáášáá˝áŹáá˝áááŤááášá ááŽááŹáá áťááášáąááŹáášá áŻáŻááááášá¸áťááśáłáááŻáŻáášáá˛áˇ áżáááłáááášáĄáŹá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áá˝áŹáá˝ááąááááˇáš ááŹááĄáá ášáááŻáŻááşááłá¸áťáá ášááŹáąážááŹááˇáš á áŽááśáááášá¸áąááŹáášááźáášáá˛áˇ áĄá áŚá¸áá˝á ášááŹááąááźáá˝áŹ á áźáášá¸ááášáťáááˇášááášáááááŻáŻáĄáášáá˛áˇááŤááášá áĄá ááŻáŻá¸áá ááášááŤáąáááżááŽá¸ ááąááŚá¸á ááášáá˛áˇááŹááá˝áŹ áżáááłáááášáĄáááˇášáá˝áŹ áá°ááŻáŻá áášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáá¸áá˝á´á¸áąááźá ááášá¸ááᏠáĄáąááŹáášáĄáá°áťááłáąááźáááŻáŻ áĄááŻáŻáášááášááżááŽá¸ á áŽááśááášáááźá˛ááŻáŻááášáááŻáŻá ááášá¸áááŹáĄáá°áĄááŽáąáá¸ááŻáŻááášáááˇáš áĄááźá˛ááąááźáááŻáŻ ááá á áŽááśáááášá¸áąááŹáášááźáášáá˛áˇ áá˝á ášáá˝á áš áá˝áŹ á áŹááşáłáášááşáłáášáá˛áˇááŤááášá DRD á áááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻáášá áŽááśááášáááźá˛ááŻáŻáášáášáááŻáŻááááŻáŻ áááááá˝á ášáá˝áŹ ááášááá˛ááŤááášá ááŽááśáŻáŻá áśá ááŹáąážááŹááˇáš áąááŹáášááźáášáááá˛áááŻáŻáąááŹáˇ áĄá ááŻáŻá¸áááŹáąááźáá˛á á áŽááśáááášá¸ áąááŹáášááźáášááŻáŻááášáá á áźáášá¸áąááŹáášáááš áťáááˇášááášááŹááŹáááŻáŻ ááášááášáááŻáŻááťáá ášááŤááášá áááášáá˝áŹááášá¸ áĄáŹáááášáá ášá ááášáááŻáŻáášááśáá˝áŹáááŻáŻáááš ááźáşáášáąááŹáš áĄááşááłá¸ááŹá¸á áášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáá¸á áŽááśáááášá¸áá˝áŹ áĄááŻáŻáášááŻáŻáášáąááá˛áˇáĄááşááášáá˝áŹáąááŹáˇ ááášááááŻáŻáášááŹáąááźá áĄá ááŻáŻá¸ááááŻáŻáášáá˛áˇ áĄááźá˛ááĄá áášá¸áąááźá á áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ áĄááşááášáĄááášááĄááášááá˝ááááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻáášáąááŹáášááźáášáá˛áˇáżááŽá¸ ááášážááŽá¸ááŹáááąááŹáˇ áĄáąááááśážááášááášáąáá¸ááášá áĄáášáááŻáŻááŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˝áŹáąááŹáˇ áťááášáá˛áąáá¸ááášážááŽá¸ááŹáá ááášááášááááŻáŻáášááŹáá˛ááá˝ áĄááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻáášáᲠáááťáŹáˇááášááąááŹáˇ áááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻáášááášá¸áááŹááśáˇáááŻáŻá¸áąáá¸ááŹáťáá ášááášáÂ
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áąáḠ- áĄááášá áááŹáąáťááŹáá°á¸ááŹá CDDá áŽááśáááášá¸áá˝áŹ áĄáąáťááĄááśáĄáąááŹáášáĄáĄáśáŻáŻáĄááźááš áĄáąááąááŹášáŚá¸ááášáá˛áˇ ááášáá˝áášá¸ááşáášáá˝ááááˇášááášáááŻáŻááąáťááŹáá°á¸ááášáąááŹášá áĽááᏠááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻááááááĄááŹááźáášáťááášá¸á áĄááşááłá¸áááŽá¸ á áźáášá¸áąááŹáášááášáťáá˝ááˇášááášáťááášá¸á ááŤáá˝áááŻáŻááš áá°ááŻáŻá áášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáá¸áťáá˝ááˇášááášáťááášá¸ á ááťáááˇáš ááśáááášáááášáááŻáŻááąááŤáˇá ááŽáááŻáŻáááŻáŻáąááŹáˇ áťááášááŹáááŻáŻáášááśáĄááźáášá¸ ááááááĄááášááśáąáááá˛áˇáąáááąááźáá˝áŹ CDD ááśáŻáŻá áśá áŽááśáááášá¸áąááŹáášááźáášáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááášáááŻáŻ áĄááááşáášááášáąááŹáášááá˛? ááááŻáŻáášáťááášááášáááŻáŻáąáááááŻáŻ CDD á áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻá¸ááşá˛áááášáááŻáŻáááš ááášáááŻáŻ á ááŻáŻá¸áááášáá áąááźáá˝áááá˛?
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áąáťá - áá°ááŻáŻááááŻáŻáťááłááşáášá¸ááášááášá¸áááŻáŻáááŻáŻáášááŹáááš - áĽáááŹáąáá¸ááááš áá°á¸áąááŤáášá¸ááŤááášáááá˛á ááąááŹáá°ááŽááááá°áááŻáŻá ááşáá˝áášááŹá¸áá˛áˇáá°áąááźáááŻáŻáááŻáŻáášááŹááášá á áŽááśáááášá¸áżááŽá¸áąáťááŹáášáááŻáŻá ááŻáŻáášááášá¸áĄááşááłá¸áĄá áŹá¸áąááźáááŻáŻ áąáááşáŹáąááźá¸ááşáášáááˇášáĄá áŹá¸ áťááášááášá¸áĄááşáášá áááŻáŻááááŻáŻáášáá°á¸á ááŤáąááźáąááŹáášááźáášáááŻáŻáášááášáąááŹáˇ ááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸á ááááááĄáĄáá˛ááášáááá˝áááášáááŻáŻááááŻáŻáááŻáŻáášááŤááášá áťááášááŹáááŻáŻáášááśáá˝áŹáá˝ááá˛áˇ ááááááĄááášááśáąáááąááź áĽááᏠáááŻáŻáášá¸ááášá¸ááŹá¸ááášááášáááŻáŻáášáąááź áĄáŹááŹáááš áąááŹáášáááá˝ááá˛áˇáá˛áˇáąáááąááźáá˝áŹ áąááŹáášááźáášááášáááŻáŻáááš áĄá˛ááŽáĄááźá˛ááąááźááᏠá áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ áąááŹáášááźáášááźááˇášáťááłáááš NCDDP áá˛áááťááŹá¸á áŽááśáááášá¸áąááźá áąááááśáąááźážááŹá¸áá˝áŹ ááśáŻáŻážááášááááášáąááŹáášáááŻáŻášáášáááˇášááášá¸ááášá¸áąááź áťáá ášáąá áááŻáŻáášááášáááŻáŻáááášááŤááášá áĄá˛ááŽáĄáááŻáŻáášá¸ ááááŻáŻáášáá˝áŹááášá¸ áťáá ášáááŻáŻáášááášáááŻáŻáááášááášá ááŤáąááááˇáš ááźáşáášáąááŹáˇášá ááŹá¸áá˛á ááááąáá¸ááŹá¸ááşáášá ááŻáŻáá áąáťááŹááŹá¸áá˛áˇ âááášá¸ááášá¸áąááźáááŻáŻáááŻáŻáášááŹáá˝ áťáá ášáá˝áŹááŤáâ ááŤáá˝áááŻáŻáášááášáąááŹáˇ ááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸á ááášáá˝ááťáá ášáąááá˛áˇ ááááááĄáá˝áŹ áĄááśáŻáŻá¸áťááłááśááááŻáŻášáášá ááášááášáĄáťáá ášáĄááśáŻáŻá¸áťááłáááŻáŻášáášáá˛áˇ áąááŹáášáĄáąážááŹáášá¸áĄááŹáá ášááŻáŻáťáá ášááźáŹá¸áááŻáŻáášááŤááášáÂ
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áąáḠ- áĄááášá áĄáąááŹáášáĄááśáˇááášá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá˛áˇáťááášááŹáááŻáŻášáášááśáĄááźáášá NCDDP áá˛ááááŹáá áĄááášá¸ážááŽá¸ááŹá¸áąáááášá áĄá ááŻáŻá¸áá áááťáŹáˇááášá ááŻáŻáá˘áááááášáąááŹáášáááąáá¸áá°áťáá ášáá˛áˇ Cardno áááŻáŻáĄááźá˛ááĄá áášá¸áá˛á áĄáťááŹá¸ááŤááášáá°áąááźáá˛á ááśáŻáŻáááášá NCDDP áá˛ááąáĄáŹáášáťááášáááĄáąáá áá°ááášáąáááášá ááŤáááášá¸ CDD ááŻáŻáášáąááŹáášáá˛áˇáá˛áˇááťááŹá¸áááŻáŻáášááśáąááźáá˛á ááźáŹááášáááášáá°á¸á ááŽážááŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŹááąážááŹááˇáš áá˝áášááášáżááŽá¸ áááąááŹáášáááá˝ááá˛áˇ áĄáá˛áťááášáťááášá¸áá˛á ááášáá°áá ááŻáŻáášááášá¸á áĽášáąááŹáášááźáášáááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻááĄááášáĄáá˛áá˝ááááŹá¸?
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áąáťá - NCDDP á áááášáááŻáŻážááŽá¸ááŹá¸ááášá áąááşá¸áá°á¸ááášá áźáŹáᲠáąááŹáášááźáášááśáŻáŻááŽáááŻáŻáášá¸áááášá¸ ááŤáááŻáŻ ááášááášááášá á áŽááśáááášá¸áááŻáŻ ááąáťáá¸áąáťáḠáááŻáŻá¸ááşá˛áááášá áá ášáá˝á ášáżááŽá¸áá˝ áá ášáá˝á áš áťáááłáááášáąááźáááŻáŻ áááŻáŻá¸ááşá˛áááášá áá˝á ášáááŻáŻáášá¸áᲠááášáá°áááąááź áĄáąáááĄáąáťáááśáżááŽá¸ á áŽááśáááášá¸ááášá áźá˛áááŻáŻ áąáťááŹáášá¸áá˛ááŹáąááźááŻáŻáášááášá NCDDP áá˛ááĄá ááášáĄáááŻáŻáášá¸áĄáŹá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áááŻáŻ áťáááłááááš áĄáááˇášáá˝áŹáᲠDRD áá˛á ááášááááŻáŻáášááŹáĄááźá˛áá ážááášááášáżááŽá¸ á áŽááśááášáááźá˛ááášá ááŽááśáŻáŻá áś - áĄááşáŹá¸áááŻáŻáášá áŽááśáááášá¸áąááŹááš ááźáášáťááášá¸áá˛ááąá áŹááˇášážáááˇášááśáŻáŻá¸ááášáťááášá¸á áá áš - á áťáá ášáááŻáŻášáášáąáťááá˝ááá˛áˇ áĄááąááŹáášáąááźáááŻáŻ áťááášáááşáášáááŻáŻáášááááŻáŻáťáá ášáżááŽá¸ áťáááŹááŹáááŻáŻááŻáŻáĄážááŽá¸ážááŽá¸ááťáá ášáááŻáŻá ááŹááźáášááášá ááŤáá˝áááŻáŻáášááášá¸ áĄááášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąááŹáˇ á áŽááśáááášá¸ áááŹáážááŽá¸ááŹáááŻáŻ ááášááááš áááŻáŻáášááááŻáŻáąááŹáˇáťáá ášááźáŹá¸ááášá ááŤá áąááŹáášá¸áá˛áˇá áá ášáááŻáŻáááášááášá ááááŻáŻáášááśááśáŻáŻá¸ áťááášáááşáášáąááąááááˇáš áááášáąááŹáˇ áąááááśáąááźá áááŻáŻáášááŹáťáá ášááášá Â
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áąáḠ- áááŹáˇ áááŻáŻáášááśáááŹá áĄáąááźááĄážááśáłáĄá CDD áá˛á áĄáśáˇážáá ááŹáĄáąááŹáášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáĄáŹáášáťááášáá áá˛á ááşáááśá¸ááááŹáąááź áťáá ášááá˛?
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áąáťá - ááźáşáášáąááŹáˇášáĄááźááš CDD áá˛áááášááášáżááŽá¸ áĄáśáˇážáá ááŹáĄáąááŹáášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸á áá°áááąááŹáááŹá¸áá˛á áá˝áášá¸ááášá¸áááťáá ášááášá ááźáśááťáááłá¸áąáá¸áá˛ááá°ááŽáąááŹáášááśáˇáąáá¸áááá˝áŹ ááźáşáášáąááŹášáááŻáŻááąááźááąááˇáá˝áááŹá ááźáášáá˛áá˛áˇáááášáąááźá¸áááąááźáťáá ášááášá CDDááąááŹáˇ áąáťááŹáášá¸áťááášáťáá ášááášá ááźáşáášáąááŹášáááááśáŻáŻá¸ááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸áĄááźááš áááá ááŻáŻáá˝á ášáá˝áŹá ááŻáŻáášáąááŹáˇ ááźáşáášáąááŹáš ááźáśááťáááłá¸áąáá¸áááááŻáŻážáááˇášáá˛áˇáĄáťááášá áąááŹášáąááŹášáá˝áášá¸ááášá¸ááŹááášá áĄááááááášáĄáąáááĄáąáťáááśááášá¸áááŻáŻáąááŹáˇ áá°áąááźá áá°áááŻáŻáááŹáááŻáŻáĄáášáá˛áááŻáŻááŹáááŻáŻ ááááášáááŻáŻáá˛áˇ áĄááşáášáťáá ášááášá CDD á áĄááŻáŻáááŻáŻ ááášá áŻáŻáá˝á áš áááŻáŻ áąááşáŹášááŹáżáᎠááŤáąááááˇáš áá°á ááŻáŻáášá¸ááááŻáŻáááš ááŽááąááŹáááŹá¸á áĄááášá¸áááŻáŻÂ  á áźáášááŚá¸ááŽááźáášááááŻáŻáťáá ášáá˛áˇááášá
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ááşáááśá¸áááá˛áááášááášááášáąááŹáˇ ááźáşáášáąááŹáˇášáĄáąááá˛ááĄááşááášážááŹááŹááŹáá˛ááĄá á˝áş ááŤáá˛áááášááášááŹáąáá¸áąááźáááŻáŻáąááźá áááášá CDD á áá˛áˇááááá˝á ášáąááźáá˝áŹáááŻáŻáááš ááşáŹá¸ááášááášá¸ááŹááááŻáŻáᲠááŽá áŽááśáááášá¸áĄáąááááśáŻáŻážááášááşáá˛áˇ ááášážááźáááĄáťáááˇášáá˛á ááášááášá¸áąááźá ááŻáŻáášáĄáŹá¸áąáá¸áąááźáááŻáŻ áąááážáááášá áá˝á ášáąááźážááŹááŹááŹáá˛ááĄá á˝áş áąáťááŹáášá¸áᏠááášá ááąááŚá¸á áąááááśáąááźáááŻáŻááşáášáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áŚá¸á áŹá¸áąáá¸áááŻáŻáĄáášááşáášáąááźáťáááˇášáá˝áŽáżááŽá¸áá˛áˇáąááŹáášáááŻáŻáášá¸áá˝áŹ áĄá áášá¸áĄáąáá¸ááášáá˛áˇ áá°áŚá¸áąáááášá¸ ááşááŹááášá ááŤáąááááˇáš ááŤáááŻáŻ ááášáá°á áĄáťáá ášááášáááŻáŻááááá˛? áĄá áášá¸áĄáąáá¸áááŹááŹáááŻáŻá áá˛áá ášááŻáŻáááŻáŻáťáá ášááźáŹá¸ááášá áá°áąááźá áá°áááŻáŻá áĄááášáąááźá¸ááášá¸áąážááŹáášá¸ááášá¸ ááŻáŻáášááŚá¸ááášáąáá áĄáŹá¸ááášááşááášáąááź á ááášáááŻáŻá¸áá˝áááášá ááŻáŻáášáĄáŹá¸áąáá¸áąááŹášáááŽáąááźá áá˝á ášáąááźážááŹááŹáąááŹáˇ áĄáťáá˛ááášá¸áĄááźá˛áááášáąááźáááŻáŻáťáá ášááŹááášá ááŽáááŻáŻáąááşá¸ááášáąáááá˝áŹ áĄááşááášáąáá¸áááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻááááŻáŻááŹáááášá¸ ážááźáášááááĄááášá¸áá˛ááĄááşáŹá¸áá˝ááááášáąá áááŻáŻáąááŹáˇ áĄáá°á¸áá°ááášá¸á áŹá¸áąááźáá˛á ážáááŹááášáąááŹáášááá áááŻáŻážááŽá¸ááŹááášá áá°ááŻáŻá áášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáá¸áąáááŹáąááźáááŻáŻ áá°ááášáąááź á ááŹááášáá°áááŻáŻááťáá ášáąááááˇáš áá°ááášáąááźá ááťááŹá¸ááášáá˝áášá¸ááşáášáąááźáá˝áááášá ážááŹááŹáąááŹáˇ áá°áááŻáŻáááášá¸ ááŽáĄááŻáŻááš áĄáąáá áťááŽá¸áąááźáááŹáżááŽá¸ ááťááŹá¸áąáááŹáąáťááŹáášá¸ááŻáŻáášááášá áááášáżááŽá¸ ááášáá˝áášá¸ááşáášážááŽá¸ážááŽá¸ááŹá¸ááŹá¸ááá˝ááá˛áˇáá°áąááźááąááŹáˇ ááášáąáááášá ááŤáąááááˇáš áá°áááŻáŻáááášá¸ áĄááŻáŻáášáĄáąáááťááŽá¸áąááźáááŹááášá áááŻáŻáąááŹáˇ áĄááśáŻáŻá¸áá˝áŹ ááŤá á áŹááźáášá áŹááášá¸ áĄáááááŻáŻáášááá˛áˇ áĄááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻááŹáťáá ášááŹááášá áąááŹááš ááŽáá°áąááź - áá°ááŻáŻá áášá¸ááśáŻáŻá¸áąáá¸áá˝á´á¸áąááźáá˛áááŻáŻáášáĄáŹá¸áąáá¸áąááź áĄáąááá˛á áťááášááášá¸áąááźáá˝áŹááŹáżááŽá¸ ááŽá áá ášáááŻáŻ ááášááᯠáá áŹá¸áááášáááŻáŻááŹááşááłá¸áťáá ášááŹááášá áĄááşááˇášááşáášáťáá áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄáťáá ášáĄááşáášáąááźááášá¸ ááşáŹá¸ááŹááášá ááŽáááŻáŻá ááášááášá áŹá¸áááąááşáŹáˇááźáŹá¸ááŹáąááźá áťááášáá°áááŻáŻáášáá áĽáášá¸ááąá áááŻáŻáášááşááłá¸á áŽá¸ááźáŹá¸áá˝áŹáąááźá ááźáşáášáąááŹášáááŻáŻááá°ááŹá¸áąááźáá˝áŹ áąááŹášáąááŹášáťáá ášááášááŤááášá ááŤáąážááŹááˇáš áąá áŹááˇášážáááˇášáĄáá˛áťááášááŹá á áŹááášá¸á á ášááŹá ážááášááášááŹáááŻáŻ á áŽááśáááášá¸áąáá¸ááźá˛áá˛áˇáĄááŤáá˛áááášáąááźááąááŹáášááźááš áá˛áˇáĄááŤáá˝áŹ áááŻáŻáášáááŻáŻáášááŹááŹáťáá ášáááŻáŻá áĄááźááš áá ášáá˝á ášáżááŽá¸ áá ášáá˝á áš áááŻáŻáżááŽá¸ áĄáąáá¸ážááŽá¸ááŹááŹáťáá ášááášá
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